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Troglos Who are these two pictures?? (Is the file!)

(We suspect ;-) it was pd

at least I hope they will recognize same ....

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Bufofret

The appointment was made Dec. 5 lesamedi for an incursion as Bugarach. The team of Elsa, Joss, Odile, Papi, gangs (I have trouble with names), Arthur, Bastien and myself rushed joyfully underground.

Branch Gallery of the brown plague not a tourist, the bravest will have seen the meander. Beautiful cavity, but certainly not easy progression of squeezes! you'll understand it was a beautiful ballad between cavers.

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An address to remember: www.cds66.fr

The website of the Departmental Committee of the Catalan Pyrenees just point the tip of her nose on the canvas!!

It was a moment we heard about it: now it's done! You'll find complete information on caving in the department. The site is still a bit poor but I hope that it will be only for a short time!

Getting everyone involved, this will be a great showcase for our business! Again congratulations to the webmaster!

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Aven Sarda

Last Sunday (11/22/2009), Marta and I find Yannick and Hans to lastly Opoul morning for a short day caving.

We go first to Barrence Amandiers since Yannick can not remember its location. We take this opportunity to review the small potholes and sinkholes nearby.

Then to the adventure Sarda. We will put a little time to find the entrance, so that we go into the cavity until early afternoon.

We replant some spits because old people are useless. We arrive at bottom of the wells where there is contact with the marls. The most surprising is that despite the drought, a small trickle of water courses gallery. I spend a vault but wetting the active ends on a rolling mill impenetrable.

We visited the galleries above and schedules are all beauties and repérons several departures we come to work later.

We come out of the cavity around 21:30 after a great explosion in a cavity that is worth trying and change cavity usual Corbières.

PS: no photos Unfortunately the interior!

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All underground!

This weekend was held for the second time, a course organized by the municipality of CDS11 Bélesta (09). It was another success for nearly 30 people attended the event.

Ten cavities were visited during the weekend with diverse objectives: development in progress, improvement in equipment, biospeleology, techniques and escapes autosecours of ...

friendliness, good humor and exchange experiences! We could sum this weekend in this way and it looks forward to next year!

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Barnum 66 Barnum 11

This weekend took place on Barnum cave rescue SDIS 66 by Cthulu Demon on the town of Caudiès de Fenouillèdes. The exercise brings together 33 cavers (POS, FFS, CIF Individuals) including 5 Aude (SSF11).

The victim, located 1 km from the entrance, was removed without difficulty after 18h effort.

The aim of the operation was to work and the communication port. For communication, a GST was installed and worked perfectly. The Wired (généphone) held over 1200m has also worked successfully.

The stretchers ran perfectly despite the difficulties of the cavity. However, some workshops are to be installed (Tyrolean hoist load brake).

In conclusion, this year, scoring from the rescue plan was signed, was a resounding success. He scored again the ability of team SDIS 66 is making rescue operations cave large and cohesive team of 66 and 11.

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What are the economists?

Eternal question, eternal controversy: what are the experts, especially economists? On the occasion of awarding the Nobel Prize in Economics, this question triggers whenever the same controversy: the economy is a science? If it is a science, why are there so many divergent opinions and contradictory? note in passing that the debate is the essence of science (and politics) . We do not discuss ideology or commandments of a religion: it joins or not you believe or not, but it can not be discussed. Science - Whether natural, accurate or social - in advancing the debate and contradiction. Because science is open: what seemed impossible yesterday may become commonplace tomorrow.

However, the economy is crossing issues that transcend. The Economist has it so far to participate in public debates may endorse a partisan speech or otherwise remain above the fray and take the risk of never being heard or taken seriously? [1]

This debate is already very old, led by France on a proposal to reform the teaching of economics deal the finding of disaffection by the students from economics, particularly in favor of more training courses in applied business and management (which make the success of business schools or PSI). The major criticism concerns the evolution of economic science to an ever more abstract modeling it becomes understandable only by experts, even though economic issues challenge every day citizen. And precisely because the public debate bathes economic considerations, economics must be understood by the ordinary man, better integrated public debates and more likely to influence policies [2]. All sciences use modeling but modeling is never neutral. Yet modeling guides the decision and we too often forget that the model results are dependent on assumptions that we adopt to build them.
However, since its origins, the model economy occurs most often as a planning technique (like matrices Leontieff USSR) or regulation, bringing water to the mill of the leader (authoritarian planning) or interventionism (incentive regulation).

For example, the contemporary theory of economic growth based on sophisticated models that depict a "benevolent regulator" whose goal is to correct market failures. It will be understood that the modern state identifies itself fully to this "benevolent planner. However, these models are based on two critical assumptions that tend to become assumptions if we are not careful: first, that defects observed are indeed attributable to the market and secondly, that the control agent kind exists.

As long as we seriously consider the functioning of the economy on the field, we measure the fragility of such assumptions.

All controversies through economics oppose those who consider the "invisible hand" does not exist to those who consider that the "benevolent planner" is a chimera.
Without doubt we should resign ourselves to admit that neither the invisible hand of the planner or benevolent exist, which does not prevent the world economy turning. And yet it turns Galileo had said in his time! And if the world economy turns, it is important to develop appropriate instruments to understand. Or it will run without us.

[1] Reflections of ten economists on these issues already have been old together in a book edited by Daniel Klein, a professor of economics at Santa Clara University in California under the title What Do Economists Contribute ? New York University Press, 1999.

[2] P. Lemieux "What are the economists," Le Figaro-Economie of January 19, 2001.

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the Origin of income

The total income of a country is necessarily the consideration of its production In the same way as Robinson Crusoe's income is necessarily the fruit of his labor and more or less generous nature. In this sense, at the aggregate level of the national economy, national income and national product are two sides of the same magnitude. At the individual level, the economic return is the return for the contribution of the agent to the overall force production. In an economy in kind, product and income are identical. In a monetary economy, the economic agent must be in monetary form the exact counterpart of what he produces. However, in reality, an exact estimate of this magnitude is problematic. If you ask any person, he still believes that his income is insufficient and does not earn what he really deserves.

In the modern economy, production is a phenomenon socialized in the sense that, because of the sectoral division of labor increasingly thin - between business and the company itself - no one can produce isolation without the assistance of other economic actors (private and public).
The main actors in modern economic system are those that provide inputs (capital, labor, raw materials, skills) and those that combine within a company (the contractor). The mobilization of production factors in the company results in the creation and distribution of economic returns. Thus, the process of production of wealth is in the same time a process of distribution of wealth in the form of direct and indirect distribution of income.

Income, which is independent of any productive effort is seen as an annuity. All other forms of income refers to an economic act. Thus, wages remunerated work, the latter can be manual, physical or intellectual. The interest remunerate the contribution of capital through the banking system (indirect funding). The dividend remunerate the contribution of capital through financial markets (direct financing). These revenues are essential because without capital injection, the activity could be financed and no jobs would be created. Finally, profits remunerate the contractor.
From the moment we assume that all these revenues are the result of a decision and an act of economic, they are all necessary and legitimate. If a worker does not receive a salary equal to his productivity, there is a risk of demotivating the worker can leave at any wage proposal more attractive. This turnover represents a cost to the company since an experienced worker contributes to the overall performance of the company. The worker is more competent, more it mobilizes human capital that he had himself acquired after a training process is often long and expensive. But the reverse is also perilous risk of overpaying an employee because of poor competency evaluation real.
Similarly, an economic actor must pay interest if he wants to borrow money, if he wants to be credible in the literal sense (for credit). Honoring the debt service is an integral part of the credibility that allows the company to raise funds. Do not pay its debts contributes to jeopardize the whole system of intermediation without which we could finance the investment, which means to accurately assess credit applicants. For the same reason that the listed company should also pay dividends if it wants to keep the confidence of its shareholders, without which it could increase its capital. Officials must receive treatment that reflects their ability to operate a public service without which the market economy could not operate (including services related to security, peace and justice to guarantee the proper functioning of the rule of law ). Insofar as the financing of these treatments is through taxation, public service efficiency is a prerequisite for a fair and efficient tax. In the opposite case, economic agents will be subject to levies while increasing risk of facing public services inadequate or ineffective.
Finally, without adequate profits, no entrepreneur would embark on this process highly risky combination and recombination factors. This process of allocation of factors within the productive organization is efficient yet at the heart of the functioning of the economy.

A key question remains: Is the legislature in a position to fix wages, control the profits of regulated interest rates or dividends without jeopardizing the economic equilibrium which emerges necessarily the formation of all forms of income?

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The last weekend (17 and 18/10/2009) was appropriate exercise interdepartmental emergency Caving organized by our friends Aude on the town of Missègre . The cavity is chosen adventure Yves, very recent discovery of SCA. The scenario is a victim at the bottom of the cavity to approximately 125m and a second with only a broken arm to midterm .

The cavers are not very many but the teams are more than motivated. The proof is that the stretcher came out of the cavity in the time after the passage of two beautiful Tyrolean and many workshops.

The balance sheet is ultimately very positive and shows once again the ability of emergency sections of 11 and 66 to work together.

I'll see you on 7 and 8 November for the barnum of 66 to be held at Cthulhu Demon on the town of Caudiès de Fenouillèdes (time and venue will be communicated early in the week).

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Liberal Conspiracy

The critics of the single thought do not they make that they are precisely the agents and promoters of that single thought? Whether columnists, humorists, journalists, political scientists, government experts, they are everywhere, on all TV sets on the airwaves and distill continuously thinking and conformist that is agreed to recite the verses of liberalism . Believing himself and sassy originals, they conform in fact all the same mold. They think they go overboard and play perfectly the role of guardian of thinking consistent. For the conformist is anti-liberal.

In academia, it is even more glaring. In particular, a recurring debate is to denounce the outrageous formalization of economics by treating it as a sign of the hegemony of the "ultra-liberal thinking." It is a singular traits of conformist thinking that seeing a "liberal conspiracy" everywhere, especially hidden in the equations macroeconomic models. Mathematics would be the trojan horse of the great satan liberal.
Yet the need for measurement, formalization and abstraction of economics is largely the result of planning and willingness to experiment with economic policies and regulations. To predict and assess the tax revenues related to the adoption of a new tax, it is still necessary to have a macroeconomic model based on very specific assumptions. Those who model always claim, if not vanity, to control economic and social phenomena. And they will even attack the real people if they do not behave like their equations would have expected. See how the political power attacks the restaurateurs who have not played the game of pass the VAT reduction in the price menus because the models were probably intended such an effect. But a researcher does not construct a model based on the results he wants, he needs to formalize a reality which is external and beyond his control.

All current research program of the "new microeconomics" is to establish that it is not optimal to leave individuals free to make decisions based on their private interests. And any formalization is oriented in this direction. One researcher who tried take an opposite direction would find more funding or laboratory.
Yet, we are at the limit of scientism as the intention is contained in the assumptions: exit the invisible hand. Moreover, the Nobel laureate Joseph Stiglitz, if that famous invisible hand, it probably does not exist! If physicists reasoned that, then waves and black holes do not exist.
modern economics textbooks are "market failures" as assumptions that can not be questioned, and who make public policy as indispensable as providential. Because it is well known that the prosecution is not under any of these shortcomings inherent in the private action ... And the economist who take the risk to pretend otherwise can no longer claim a career.

The "new trade theory part of this momentum similar to demonstrate that we can not trust the free exchange of international trade to obtain harmonious. It has indeed escaped anyone that collective bargaining under the auspices of the WTO, who see the clash national corporatism the risk of degenerating into economic war simmering, is a model of international harmony. Recall that the WTO is the result of a transformation of the GATT GATT But the missions were clear: it was lowering tariffs - which was performed primarily in industry - to streamline the international trade . The WTO claims to "regulate" commerce among nations by imposing quality standards (environmental, social, health) that conjures the temptations of protectionism. But the definition of such standards is much more problematic and generalization is seen by less developed countries as disguised protectionism implemented by developed countries.

Similarly, the "new labor economics" shows that unemployment is not the result of interference with free market operations. Theorists then invented the concept of "unemployment equilibrium" unemployment that results from the interplay of decisions of rational agents. It follows that it is not "optimal" for the community of rational individuals agree to let around a freely negotiated contract work under these imperfections competitive leading to generate structural unemployment. Again, collective bargaining framed by the social partners - who have only one motto: the general strike - is probably a model that allows us to avoid unemployment due to market forces and it will not have escaped anyone that "social dialogue" in French is a model of communal harmony. Finally, the "new growth theory" is based on dynamic models of so-called "endogenous growth" that make the state a "benevolent planner" essential to the regulation overall.

These examples show that, far from attending a hegemony of liberal thought in academic circles, is a revival of interventionist designs - redecorated under the veneer of microfoundations scholars and good feelings - that we have been witnessing over 25 years. And the latest Nobel Prize in economics (Stiglitz, Krugman, Williamson and Ostrom) confirm this trend. In this context it is somewhat comical to talk about liberalism triumphant. Liberalism declined - and his enemies rejoice - probably because men are no longer up to the demanding that it values. The "useful idiots" tell us that capitalism does not obey any value or morality. In fact, the economy no longer works when men forget the values that an economy of freedom and responsibility involved.

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Intelligence

The CIA director once said during a conference: "intelligence is the oldest profession in the world." Someone in the audience retorted: "No, it's prostitution! . Then he replied: "You're right, but still need to know where prostitutes! .

For millennia, kings, queens, emperors and generals have sought to develop effective communications for governing their country or control their armies. At the same time, they were aware of the risks involved if their messages fell into enemy hands. It is the fear of those interceptions was behind the development of codes and numbers, which are techniques used to disguise a message in order to scramble the senses. We are indebted to Julius Caesar's famous figure that bears his name.

Confidentiality concerns led nations to create secret service, responsible for ensuring the security of communications by inventing and implementing the best possible codes. Meanwhile, the decoders enemy fought hard to break the codes. These activities have given rise to the "intelligence services". It is remarkable that the age-old confrontation between developers on one side and code breakers code on the other side has nourished a great advances in science (including mathematics) and technology. In this field too often the competition and even confrontation, constitutes a powerful stimulus to creativity and innovation. The outcome of World War II held at the Allied secret services' ability to break the encryption system Nazi (based on the use of the machine "Enigma", probably the first electromechanical machine to encode).

Business intelligence has a military origin. The military intelligence was very early based on the technique of encryption . Encryption is the only way to protect our privacy, or ensure the success of today's electronic markets. But growing demand and legitimate the public about encryption - protecting privacy - faces the need to enforce laws and protect national security. The debate about banking secrecy illustrates this. Banking secrecy is a legitimate aspiration of account holders (nobody likes that one delves into his accounts in the name of transparency) and a basic service offered by the bank to its customers in the same way that medical confidentiality is thereby creating a relationship of trust between doctor and patient. But secrecy can also cover criminal activities against which states have the duty to fight.

For decades, police and intelligence services have used plays to thwart the plans of terrorists or fighting against organized crime, mobilizing techniques increasingly sophisticated in which the state had a monopoly. But the men of power can invoke reasons of state to practice plays well illegitimate and divert these tools for personal purposes. That is why the defenders of individual rights to push the widespread use of encryption to protect the privacy of our private lives. Similarly, companies (including banks) are calling for a secure encryption for development their own information networks and to protect their sensitive information. Thus, private actors can freely dispose of the tools previously reserved for only the secret services.
For their part, the police put pressure on governments to restrict the private use of coding. On behalf of the fight against the laundering of dirty money or fraud (escape?) Tax, the tax authorities defend similar arguments.
There is always a difficult choice: what do we attribute the highest value, respect for our privacy policy or a (security) more effective? We find the more fundamental dilemma between liberty and security remains a precarious balance.

Members consider that the First World War was the war of chemists, because the mustard gas and chlorine were employed there for the first time. Similarly, the Second World War was that of physicists, because of last resort to the atomic bomb. Should there be a third world war, it would be war mathematicians, since they will control the next decisive weapon of war: information. In any case, it is already the argument economic competition and the instrument of economic intelligence.